Sunday, March 8, 2020

Child abuse pediatricians. (Part One): Dr. Barbara Knox: Former head of American Family Children’s Hospital in Madison. An alarming story by investigative Journalist Dee J. Hall published by Wisconsin Watch. It's headed, "University of Wisconsin child abuse doctor leaves a trail of accusations of bullying from colleagues, parents"..."Knox is a prominent member of the growing field of child abuse pediatrics. Board certification for child abuse pediatrics began in 2009. As of 2018, there were 346 such physicians in the United States, including five in Wisconsin. As the specialty has grown, so has outside scrutiny of its work. News investigations and advocacy groups are increasingly questioning some of these doctors’ qualifications to separate the hundreds of thousands of legitimate cases of child abuse from accidents or underlying medical conditions. In addition to the Siebolds, Wisconsin Watch has heard from two other Madison-area parents who report being cleared of child abuse allegations after American Family Children’s Hospital reported them to authorities."


BACKGROUND: “Dr. John Cox knew as soon as he heard the baby’s cry that he had hurt his 1-month-old adopted daughter. He’d accidentally fallen asleep while cuddling the girl in bed early one morning last May, he said, and must have turned on top of her. Cox, 39, a pediatric emergency room doctor at Children’s Wisconsin hospital, sat up, panicked. His hands shook as he assessed the baby, he said, fearing that he’d smothered her. She wasn’t in distress, but he said he could tell from the way she was moving her left arm that he might have broken her collarbone, a common injury in infants that typically heals on its own without medical treatment. Cox called his wife, Dr. Sadie Dobrozsi, who was out of town with their two older children, and cried as he explained what had happened. Dobrozsi, a pediatric oncologist at the same hospital, said she told him to calm down and asked to video chat. The baby appeared fine to her, but to be safe, Dobrozsi suggested that Cox take her to see her pediatrician. “That’s what normal parents who aren’t doctors would do,” she told him. What followed, according to more than 15 medical experts who later reviewed Cox’s case, was a series of medical mistakes and misstatements by hospital staff members that has devastated Cox’s family and derailed his career. A nurse practitioner on the hospital’s child abuse team confused the baby’s birthmarks for bruises, according to seven dermatologists who have reviewed the case. A child abuse pediatrician misinterpreted a crucial blood test, four hematologists later said. Then, two weeks after the incident, armed with those disputed medical reports, Child Protective Services took the child. “In hindsight,” Cox said in a recent interview, “taking her to our own hospital was the single most harmful decision that we made for our baby.”

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PASSAGE OF THE DAY: "The visit was traumatic. Leo thrashed and screamed while ER staff and Siebold struggled to hold him down to insert a needle into his veins and poke a catheter into his groin. “There was blood all over the table,” Siebold recalled. The following day, staff confronted the Siebolds about bruises found on Leo — bruises that Dr. Barbara Knox, head of the hospital’s Child Protection Program, flagged as possible signs of abuse. The encounter sparked an investigation that threatened to rip apart the Siebold family and ruin their careers. Surgical scars on Leo were listed as bruises. Demonstrably false information was inserted into his medical record. And Knox allegedly misrepresented herself as a specialist in an attempt to convince the family to approve additional medical testing. Police instantly dismissed the abuse allegation. Child welfare officials would clear the couple after two months. But the episode left Brenna Siebold “petrified” of seeking emergency medical care for their children, including twins, Hazelle and Hank, born in December. Now Knox — considered a national expert on child abuse who testifies as an expert for prosecutors around the country — is under the microscope. The University of Wisconsin placed her on paid leave in mid-2019 after colleagues inside and outside of the hospital accused her of intimidation or retaliation, an internal letter shows. Dr. Ellen Wald, chairwoman of the Department of Pediatrics at the UW School of Medicine and Public Health, wrote to Knox on July 5, saying the administrative leave involved concerns about “your workplace behavior, including unprofessional acts that may constitute retaliation against and/or intimidation of internal and external colleagues.”

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STORY: "University of Wisconsin child abuse doctor leaves a trail of accusations of bullying from colleagues, parents," by Dee J. Hall, published by Wisconsin Watch on February 29, 2020. (Dee J. Hall, a co-founder of the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism, joined the staff as managing editor in June 2015. She worked at the Wisconsin State Journal for 24 years as an editor and reporter focusing on projects and investigations. Previously she was a reporter for eight years at The Arizona Republic in Phoenix, where she covered city government, schools and the environment. During her 35-year journalism career, Hall has won more than three dozen local, state and national awards for her work, and is a member of Investigative Reporters and Editors. She is based in Madison, Wisconsin.  Wisconsin Watch is a nonprofit newsroom that focuses on government integrity and quality of life issues.)

SUB-HEADING: "A couple says Dr. Barbara Knox wrongly suspected child abuse. A forensic pathologist testifies Knox pressured him to report an injury he did not see."







PHOTO CAPTION: "Brenna and Joel Siebold are seen with their son, Leo, 2, at their home in Mount Horeb, Wis., on Feb. 14, 2020. Leo has heterotaxy syndrome, a condition in which his internal organs are abnormally arranged, causing frequent hospital visits for the family. On Sept. 5, 2018, Leo was taken to the American Family Children's Hospital in Madison, Wis., with a fever. Medical personnel reported them for possibly abusing the then 9-month-old, citing tiny bruises on his body. Although they were cleared of the allegations, the Siebolds say the episode left them with lingering trauma."

PHOTO CAPTION:  Leo Siebold, 2, is seen with his brother Jonah, 5, at their home in Mount Horeb, Wis., on Feb. 14. Medical personnel at American Family Children’s Hospital in Madison, Wis., reported their parents, Brenna and Joel Siebold, of possible abuse to Leo when he was 9 months old. Police and child welfare officials ruled the allegations unfounded, but Brenna Siebold says she is now “petrified” to take any of their five children to the hospital."

PHOTO CAPTION: " Dr. Barbara Knox was placed on paid leave in mid-2019 while University of Wisconsin officials investigated “unprofessional acts that may constitute retaliation against and/or intimidation of internal and external colleagues.” Knox voluntarily left her position at the medical school and the American Family Children’s Hospital in October. She now works for Alaska CARES, a child abuse response and evaluation program in Anchorage." 

PHOTO CAPTION: "Leo Siebold’s arm is seen on Sept. 8, 2018, one day after he was released from American Family Children’s Hospital. The hospital reported Brenna and Joel Siebold to police and child welfare officials after medical personnel found tiny bruises on Leo, then 9 months old, that they labeled as possible signs of abuse. The Siebolds say this bruise likely was sustained during a traumatic trip to the emergency room three days earlier as ER staff and Brenna Siebold struggled to hold Leo down to insert a needle and catheter."

PHOTO CAPTION:  Jennifer Hancock glances back at her family in Dane County Circuit Court in Madison, Wis., on Dec. 19, 2019. Hancock, 49, is seeking a new trial after being convicted for the death of a 4-month-old child in her care. The forensic pathologist who testified at trial has since changed his view of the cause of death from abuse to “undetermined.” Hancock is serving a 13-year prison sentence for first-degree reckless homicide for the baby’s 2007 death." 

PHOTO CAPTION: "Dr. Michael Stier, forensic pathologist at the University of Wisconsin Hospital, testifies in Dane County Circuit Court in Madison, Wis., on Nov. 21, 2019. Stier’s testimony helped to convict Jennifer Hancock, a Verona day care provider, in the 2007 death of a 4-month-old baby in her care. Stier has since changed the interpretation of his findings, identifying several possible causes of the baby’s death besides abuse."

PHOTO CAPTION: " Dane County District Attorney Ismael Ozanne is seen in Dane County Circuit Court in Madison, Wis., on Dec 19, 2019, prior to the start of Jennifer Hancock’s hearing. Ozanne wrote in an email that he has never had a reason to doubt the diagnoses of the Child Protection Program."

PHOTO CAPTION: "Brenna Siebold is seen with her son Leo, 2, and daughter Hazelle, 2 months, at their home in Mount Horeb, Wis., on Feb. 14. Siebold is speaking out about the unfounded allegations of possible child abuse leveled against them by Dr. Barbara Knox and members of the Child Protection Program at American Family Children’s Hospital in Madison, Wis. Knox has since voluntarily left the hospital after being investigated for unprofessional acts toward colleagues."

VIDEO CAPTION: "In this family video clip, Leo Siebold is seen crawling on the floor of his Mount Horeb, Wis., home on Sept. 1, 2018. On Sept. 7, 2018, American Family Children’s Hospital officials reported Joel and Brenna Siebold to authorities for possible abuse, citing small bruises on Leo, then 9 months old. The Siebolds say they told Dr. Barbara Knox and physician assistant Amanda Palm that Leo was “Army crawling,” which could explain the bruises. The hospital reported the bruises as “unexplained.” 

PHOTO CAPTION: "Dr. Barbara Knox and physician assistant Amanda Palm are seen on the cover of the Spring 2018 Physician Assistant Spotlight newsletter. The article features the Child Protection Program at the American Family Children’s Hospital. Palm is quoted as saying, “Knowing that you’re helping is really powerful.” 

PHOTO CAPTION: "Jennifer Hancock, 49, is seeking a new trial after being convicted of homicide in 2009 for the death of a 4-month-old boy who was in her care. A medical expert who testified in the first trial has since changed the interpretation of his findings. Hancock is currently serving a 13-year prison sentence for first-degree reckless homicide for the 2007 death of the infant. Hancock is seen in Dane County Circuit Court in Madison, Wis., on Dec. 19, 2019."

PHOTO CAPTION: "Leo Siebold is seen on Sept. 8, 2018, one day after he was released from American Family Children’s Hospital. The hospital reported Brenna and Joel Siebold to police and child welfare officials after medical personnel found tiny bruises on Leo, then 9 months old, that they labeled as possible signs of abuse. The Siebolds were cleared of the allegations."

PHOTO CAPTION: "The Siebolds are seen at their home in Mount Horeb, Wis., on Feb. 14. From left are: Joel; Jocelyn, 9; Hazelle, 2 months; Hank, 2 months; Jonah, 5; Brenna and Leo, 2. Brenna Siebold is a teacher and her husband Joel works as a school custodian. The allegations of possible child abuse that officials at a Madison, Wis., hospital made against them — later declared unfounded — threatened to ruin their careers and split up their family, they say."

PHOTO CAPTION: "In this family video clip, Leo Siebold is seen crawling on the floor of his Mount Horeb, Wis., home on Sept. 1, 2018. On Sept. 7, 2018, American Family Children’s Hospital officials reported Joel and Brenna Siebold to authorities for possible abuse, citing small bruises on Leo, then 9 months old. The Siebolds say they told Dr. Barbara Knox and physician assistant Amanda Palm that Leo was “Army crawling,” which could explain the bruises. The hospital reported the bruises as “unexplained.”









GIST: "Brenna Siebold had just returned home from teaching third grade at Mount Horeb Intermediate Center. Her 9-month-old son, home with his sitter, was acting sluggish. She took Leo’s temperature: 103 degrees. The fever was only the latest health scare in Leo’s short life. He was born with heterotaxy syndrome, in which the internal organs are abnormally arranged. He had already endured two surgeries, and doctors instructed the Siebolds, of Mount Horeb, to bring him to the emergency room any time he ran a fever above 100.4 degrees. That day, Sept. 5, 2018, Brenna dropped off her older children, Jocelyn and Jonah, at her parents’ house. Her husband, Joel, was at work as a custodian at Glacier Creek Middle School in Cross Plains. Then she drove Leo to a familiar destination: American Family Children’s Hospital in Madison. The visit was traumatic. Leo thrashed and screamed while ER staff and Siebold struggled to hold him down to insert a needle into his veins and poke a catheter into his groin. “There was blood all over the table,” Siebold recalled. The following day, staff confronted the Siebolds about bruises found on Leo — bruises that Dr. Barbara Knox, head of the hospital’s Child Protection Program, flagged as possible signs of abuse. The encounter sparked an investigation that threatened to rip apart the Siebold family and ruin their careers. Surgical scars on Leo were listed as bruises. Demonstrably false information was inserted into his medical record. And Knox allegedly misrepresented herself as a specialist in an attempt to convince the family to approve additional medical testing. Police instantly dismissed the abuse allegation. Child welfare officials would clear the couple after two months. But the episode left Brenna Siebold “petrified” of seeking emergency medical care for their children, including twins, Hazelle and Hank, born in December. Now Knox — considered a national expert on child abuse who testifies as an expert for prosecutors around the country — is under the microscope. The University of Wisconsin placed her on paid leave in mid-2019 after colleagues inside and outside of the hospital accused her of intimidation or retaliation, an internal letter shows. Dr. Ellen Wald, chairwoman of the Department of Pediatrics at the UW School of Medicine and Public Health, wrote to Knox on July 5, saying the administrative leave involved concerns about “your workplace behavior, including unprofessional acts that may constitute retaliation against and/or intimidation of internal and external colleagues.” The university took three months to produce that two-page letter after Wisconsin Watch filed a  November public records request for complaints against Knox in her personnel file.After the letter was released, a UW-Madison spokeswoman confirmed that Knox voluntarily left her $204,000-a-year position as an instructor and physician at the UW-affiliated children’s hospital in October.
UW Health spokesman Tom Russell said the hospital took “appropriate action” after investigating the allegations against Knox but declined to specify what that was. Russell also said UW Health hired a consultant in September to evaluate the Child Protection Program — and implemented recommendations for improvement. Among them: a monthly multi-disciplinary conference to review cases. Knox now works as the medical director of Alaska CARES, a child abuse response and evaluation program based at the Children’s Hospital at Providence in Anchorage. President of the nonprofit Academy on Violence and Abuse, Knox also has worked with the FBI. Two email messages with questions about her leave and about the Siebold case were not returned. A voicemail asking Knox to respond to the questions also was not returned. Knox is a prominent member of the growing field of child abuse pediatrics. Board certification for child abuse pediatrics began in 2009. As of 2018, there were 346 such physicians in the United States, including five in Wisconsin. As the specialty has grown, so has outside scrutiny of its work. News investigations and advocacy groups are increasingly questioning some of these doctors’ qualifications to separate the hundreds of thousands of legitimate cases of child abuse from accidents or underlying medical conditions.
In addition to the Siebolds, Wisconsin Watch has heard from two other Madison-area parents who report being cleared of child abuse allegations after American Family Children’s Hospital reported them to authorities. Russell defended the work of the Child Protection Program. Abuse is a leading cause of death and disability in children, and program staff are dealing with “some of the toughest issues imaginable,” he said. The program’s staff and physicians “are committed to approaching each patient and family with empathy, compassion and support during intensely stressful times,” Russell added.

Knox ‘pressured’ colleague to find abuse:

Soon after arriving at the children’s hospital in 2006, Knox drove the prosecution of Jennifer Hancock, a Verona day care provider who was convicted of killing an infant in her care. Hancock, now serving a 13-year prison term, is appealing the conviction in Dane County Circuit Court.
Hancock’s attorneys, led by the UW Law School-based Wisconsin Innocence Project, presented three medical experts during testimony in late 2019 and early 2020 who say pre-existing medical problems could have contributed to the 2007 death of the 4-month-old. Among the experts: the UW Hospital forensic pathologist who conducted the baby’s autopsy.  Dr. Michael Stier testified that Knox and others at that hospital pressured him to conclude that the child was abused, possibly coloring his testimony at the 2009 trial. During a post-conviction motion hearing in November, Stier said he felt “peer pressure” to conclude that the baby suffered a skull fracture and that it was caused by abuse. Anyone who voiced an objection, he testified, “probably would’ve been laughed out of the room and told to go back to medical school.” “It’s possible, either consciously or subconsciously, the narrative that I provided under oath … is partly based on that,” Stier testified. Stier said he has witnessed brain bleeding similar to that child in other people who died from natural causes, accidents or drug overdoses. The baby also had a heart virus that may have contributed, Stier said. He is sure the infant had no skull fracture. “If I were to testify at trial today, I would not testify that (the baby’s) death was caused by non-accidental inflicted injury,” Stier wrote in a sworn affidavit. “Instead, I would testify that there is no definitive cause of death. In other words, the cause of death is undetermined.” In August, Dane County Deputy District Attorney Matthew Moeser sent a letter informing a defense attorney in another case that the UW had placed Knox on administrative leave while it investigated complaints about her behavior. The move came as Knox was working with Moeser, the prosecutor in the Hancock case, and on two FBI cases, according to the UW. In response to emailed questions, Dane County District Attorney Ismael Ozanne did not address the UW’s decision to place Knox on leave. In his 10 years as district attorney, Ozanne wrote that he has never had a reason to doubt the diagnoses of the Child Protection Program. He said the program, where “necessary or appropriate,” consults other specialists at the hospital in reaching its diagnoses. “I have faith that the members of that program have made assessments and offered opinions based on sound medical science,” he wrote. “The UW Child Protection Program relies upon research that is widely accepted by many entities such as the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Society for Pediatric Radiology.“My office’s goal in any prosecution is to seek the truth and to pursue justice. The UW Child Protection Program has been and remains an invaluable partner in this work.”

Parents accused of abuse:

On Leo Siebold’s second day in American Family Children’s Hospital, three women approached the Siebolds and two of their children, Leo and Jonah, along with Brenna’s parents, in a playroom. One was Knox, who identified herself as a “blood specialist,” according to the Siebolds and Brenna’s parents, Randy and Nancy Gerke. Brenna Siebold was instantly suspicious. She had talked to Leo’s hematologist at the hospital earlier that day, and that doctor had not mentioned any problems. UW Health declined to address the allegation that Knox had misrepresented herself, and Knox did not respond to emailed questions about the incident. Siebold said Knox eventually admitted she was there on behalf of the Child Protection Program. She mentioned the bruises on Leo’s arms, legs and torso. She wanted the Siebolds to consent to a full body X-ray and additional blood tests. Her suspicion: possible abuse. The hospital’s guidance advised doctors to notify the Child Protection Program of even small bruises found on infants who are not yet “cruising,” or pulling themselves up on furniture. Such bruises, the guidance warned, are “sentinel” injuries that can signal possible child abuse. Knox helped to write the policy, basing it on “national guidelines and practice,” Russell said. The Siebolds offered several innocent explanations for Leo’s bruises. Perhaps they came from Leo’s “Army crawling” over toys on the wooden floor of the family home — or from Leo’s struggle with Brenna Siebold and ER staff during the examination a day earlier. Knox and physician assistant Amanda Palm rejected those theories. The hospital reported the bruises to authorities as “unexplained.” Mount Horeb Police officers Susan Zander and Jenn Schaaf interviewed the Siebolds at the hospital; one officer knew Brenna Siebold personally. They quickly discounted the allegations, writing in a one-paragraph police report that the bruises were “caused by medical staff.” After a two-month investigation, the Dane County Department of Human Services also concluded there was no evidence of abuse. Minor bruises could spark even more investigations under a bill introduced in 2019 by U.S. Sen. Tammy Baldwin, D-Wisconsin. It would create a $10 million demonstration program on how to use “sentinel injuries” in children 7 months and younger, including minor bruises, to detect — and prevent — child abuse and fatalities.

Doctor charged with abuse — experts disagree 

Recently, a  Milwaukee hospital’s handling of child abuse allegations has attracted national attention. Officials at Children’s Wisconsin hospital say they are investigating their approach to identifying child abuse after NBC News reported on a disputed case involving one of the hospital’s own doctors. In late January, Dr. John Cox was criminally charged with abusing a 1-month-old infant whom he and his wife, fellow Children’s Wisconsin physician Dr. Sadie Dobrozsi, were adopting. The story cited 15 experts, including physicians from Children’s Wisconsin, who identified a series of medical mistakes and misstatements that cast doubt on whether the baby showed signs of abuse. Authorities removed the infant from the couple’s home last May. Cox had taken the baby to the hospital after he fell asleep with her in bed and feared he may have rolled onto her. The child later was found to have a broken collarbone. Unnamed emergency room doctors quoted in the NBC News story described an “out of control” child abuse team at Children’s Wisconsin that routinely reported minor injuries to authorities. In addition, three doctors at the hospital told NBC News that the child abuse team instructed them to alter medical records — labeling children as possible abuse victims even when the doctors did not suspect it. The story quoted experts who found the baby’s birthmarks were mistaken for bruises and that a crucial blood test to determine whether the infant had a bleeding disorder that could have caused bruising was misinterpreted. Kate Judson, executive director of the nonprofit Center for Integrity in Forensic Sciences in Madison, told Wisconsin Watch that a finding of child abuse requires ruling out other causes by taking a thorough history, diagnostic testing and consultations with experts such as hematologists, endocrinologists, neurologists and dermatologists. But she has seen child abuse pediatricians ignore these “important steps,” claiming they themselves have the expertise to make these determinations — even ignoring contradictory expert opinions and laboratory testing, which she called “disconcerting.” Judson said these doctors can wield significant power within a hospital and “physicians can run into problems when they get sideways with child abuse pediatricians.” She cited cases of doctors who faced discipline or criminal prosecution for contradicting the findings of child abuse pediatricians. Madison attorney Notesong Thompson, a former member of the Wisconsin Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention Board, believes child advocacy teams at hospitals have “way too much power” and are “running amok.” “Child advocacy is the reason I went to law school,” she said. “It sickens me how it’s become so twisted.” Thompson was an emergency room nurse for 17 years at Children’s Wisconsin where she worked with Cox. Thompson told Wisconsin Watch she is certain her former colleague is innocent. “If you think about the nicest person in the world being accused of child abuse — that’s John,” she said.

Surgical scars marked as bruises:

During a lengthy interview at the dining room table of their home in Mount Horeb — a village known for its large carved wooden trolls dotting Main Street — the Siebolds documented issues similar to those raised in the Cox case. The couple showed photos taken of Leo shortly before and after his hospitalization. The bruises on his arms, leg and abdomen were tiny — barely visible. Joel Siebold says Leo did have a few bruises before he went to the hospital. But Amanda Palm reported many more. “She found bruises everywhere — things that weren’t even there,” he recalled. “His surgical scars — he has two scars on each side of his abdomen. She charted those.” Brenna Siebold jumped in. “She was charting diaper rash — like the tabs from the diaper. You get a little red — she was charting those.” UW Health declined to discuss the situation, citing patient confidentiality. The Siebolds found false information in Leo’s medical records, including an incorrect reference to the family being covered by BadgerCare, the state’s health insurance program for low-income residents. “That whole entire thing was just made up,” Joel Siebold said. “Nothing in that is true — at all.” Brenna Siebold remains haunted by her family’s run-in with Knox’s team at American Family Children’s Hospital. She wonders how less-educated parents — or ones without such strong community ties and family support — could weather such accusations. That is why she is speaking out. “I knew there were other people out there like us — and who we will never know because of (health care) confidentiality,” Siebold said. “I worried about a single mother. I worried about a mother of color. I worried about a family that doesn’t speak English. … And that’s the teacher in me. I was like, ‘If this happens, I want to prevent (it.)""